Compliance, adherence, and concordance

Asthma is a disease that affects both adults and teenagers. It develops as a result of excessive exposure to numerous irritants as well as toxic substances, resulting in asthma symptoms. In most cases, airborne chemicals are the root cause of asthma in most people (Horne, 2006). Asthma is well controlled with prompt and appropriate therapy. Individuals have the responsibility to treat and manage the chronic condition in the modern methods of asthma treatment and management. As a result, the paper will discuss the terminologies and models used in the treatment and management of asthma. The paper will also discuss the prescriptions and the evidence-based involvements working in the strategy of attention to exploiting the healthiness situations of an individual with asthma. The medication side effects, drug interactions, risk factors, safety concerns are the ones that need consideration in the case of Tracy. Furthermore, the features that Tracy will need in case of technological programs. Finally, the paper seeks to identify the ethical challenges involved in the case of Tracy.

The management of asthma involves various modalities as well as different models of care. The principal aim of asthma treatment is to control the disease rather than to cure. The control measures involve the common treatment modalities as well as models of care. Management of asthma involves active participation with the doctors and nurses to treat and eliminate other disorders, which may affect the management of asthma (Stempel et al. 2015). In the case of Tracy, the doctor needed to manage the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to Tracy before administering personal drug management to her. Moreover, to avoid worsening of the present situation, it is essential to avoid triggers, which may worsen the condition. However, one should not avoid physical exercise. Asthma patients have an action plan; in this case, the patient should work cordially with the doctor to ensure the proper functioning of the scheme.

Medicine to manage asthma occurs in pill form. Nevertheless, most of the medicines are taken by use of an inhaler. Asthma medication exists in two different categories. The quick-relief medications help in relieving the asthma patient from the symptoms such as coughing and the tightness of the chest (Stempel et al. 2015). The inhaled short-acting beta two is a quick relief medication. However, they are only used just in case the symptoms occur. The patient uses the long-term control medication on a daily basis. They are known as inhaled corticosteroids. The long-term control medication helps to reduce the airway inflammation and well as lessening the amount of mucus present in the lungs (Horne, 2006). The reduction of airway inflammation avoids the chain reactions, which are responsible for causing the asthma symptoms. For efficient functioning of the medication, it is efficient to integrate the two forms of medication in the treatment of asthma. It is also crucial to undertake the self-management programs. The frequently used evidence-based interventions include; the yoga training for the adolescents with asthma as well as the asthma day camp for the children diagnosed with the disease.

In the process of following the medication granted by the doctor, Tracy may develop thrush and hoarseness as part of the side effects. Furthermore, the risk factors that may develop on having severe cases of asthma include; the history of Tracy’s family, age, and gender of the patient, as asthma is more common among children as compared to adults (Stempel et al. 2015). Exposure to the common allergies such as mold and toxic chemicals also increases the chances of Tracy having severe cases of asthma. While taking the medication, Tracy needs to consider and adhere to some stated safety concerns. Tracy should ensure that she applies the medicine to the respective area and not others such as the eyes.

For the management of asthma, Tracy needs to incorporate the use of technological programs for effective and efficient management of the chronic disease. In the case of Tracy, AURA technological device is essential in the administration of the chronic condition (Horne, 2006). AURA is the best choice of a particular device for Tracy as it helps to examine the cost and the patterns of asthma for medication within a defined period. The technological device is appropriate for Tracy, as she is still at an adolescent stage and the parents need to understand the cost of managing the disease in their daughter. Furthermore, Tracy has an ADHD disorder; the software will help her guardian to understand her pattern of undertaking the medication. Just like other chronic diseases, ethical issues are involved in the management of asthma (Stempel et al. 2015). The patient needs to follow the right procedures and prescriptions of taking drugs in terms of time and amount. The ethical challenge in this case study is the ADHD disorder, making Tracy not too attentive in the process of taking the medication and therefore takes an overdose.

From the above statements, it is evident that management of asthma is involving. Proper management of the disease is essential in controlling the adverse effects of the disease. The patients need to work together with their doctors for better results. In the case of problems with dealing with the disease, it is essential to use a technological device, which helps in the process of managing the disease. However, the ethical problem is solvable. Tracy needs to adhere to the professional codes of ethics for the asthma patient. It can be done through the following reading of related articles and books. Moreover, Tracy can solve the problem through the use of her best friend. Tracy has the ADHD disorder; she should consider involving her friend as she takes the medication. The friend will ensure that Tracy takes the required dosage of the drug. Due to her disorder, the solution of using the friend is the best option for her as continue with the disorder medications.

Case study 2

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a lung infection the patients finds difficulties in breathing. The main cause of the illness is severe cases of smoking over an extended period of smoking (Jung et al. 2009). The serious smoking destroys the lungs. Nevertheless, the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is an assortment of two major diseases. Chronic bronchitis is one of the diseases. In the case of chronic bronchitis, the airways responsible for carrying air to the lungs gets inflamed generating lots of mucus. In the process, the mucus narrows or blocks the airways, hence difficulty in breathing. Emphysema is the second disease. In the case of emphysema, there is a deformation of the air sacs, hence loose of their stretch (Jones et al,. 2011). In so doing, less air gets in and out of the lungs, making an individual to feel short of breath. The damage to the lungs is permanent. It is essential to take precautions to prevent further damages. For the reasons above, the paper seeks to address the modalities and the models used in the administration of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The paper will also find out the medications and evidence-based interventions utilized in the process of achieving maximum health to a diagnosed individual. The paper will discuss the side effects, risk factors and the safety concerns of taking medication. Furthermore, the technological devices or programs for the disease and the ethical challenges will also be efficient.

Just like other chronic diseases, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, involve various common treatment modalities and models, which helps in the process of managing the chronic illness. Diet is a common treatment modality for not only the patients of COPD but also other patients. Inadequate nutritional status to patients of COPD is associated with impaired pulmonary status and lower exercise capacity (Jung et al., 2009). Moreover, bronchodilation also helps in the organization of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The modalities assist in reducing the conditions of COPD patients. Various medications processes are involved in managing COPD conditions. The medications contribute to preventing further damage to the lungs. The main cause of COPD is smoking, therefore, for drugs to function accordingly, the patient needs to stop smoking as part and the main process of medicines. Smoking cessation is the only sure way of preventing the COPD conditions from getting worse (Jones et al., 2011). Furthermore, the doctors use several types of medications to treat the already existing symptoms. The common medications are the bronchodilators. The drugs exist in the form of an inhaler. They help relieve coughing as well as shortness of breath, hence making breathing easier. The inhaled steroids reduce the rate at which the inflammation occurs to the airways. In so doing, the process reduces exacerbations (Jung et al., 2009). In most cases, doctors prefer to integrate the inhaled steroids, and the bronchodilators for effective and efficient relieve. In the event of people with severe conditions of COPD, the doctors prefer the use of lung therapies such as oxygen therapy, which Mr. Bale uses and the pulmonary rehabilitation program.

Not all the medication processes for COPD have side effects; however, some cause side effects to the patient. Long time use of the oral steroids may lead to weight gain or even diabetes. Inhaled steroids also include some side effects such as oral infections and bruising. Safety concerns in the use of COPD medication include a stop in smoking and taking the medication at the prescribed time and dose (Jones et al., 2011). The patients under the medications need to stay away from the risk factors to avoid further damages. The risk factors include excessive exposure to dust and chemicals and exposure to tobacco smoke among others.

COPD patients need the use of technological devices incorporated in their programs. Pulse oximetry is one of the instrument frequently employed by COPD patients. Pulse oximetry helps the diagnosed people to check out the oxygen level during their usual activities (Jung et al., 2009). The instrument helps the patient to understand when he needs to top up the oxygen level and when to be off the oxygen tubes. The device is essential for Mr. Bale as his condition is severe and the doctor decided that he use the oxygen therapy. In so doing, Mr. Bale will be able to measure his oxygen level and top up before the condition worsens (Jones et al., 2011). It is better for his age. The ethical problem associated with Bale’s case study is that despite him undertaking the oxygen therapy, he continues with smoking. Bale is a long-term smoker. It could take him long before completely ceasing from smoking. In this case, the main ethical solutions appropriate are counseling as well as restricting Mr. Bale from leaving his compound to places where he can get access to cigarettes. In this case, counseling is the most appropriate solution for his ethical problem. It will offer him a great insight on the disadvantages of smoking. Eventually, he will find it easy to stop smoking.

From the above statements, it is evident that COPD is a chronic disease, but it is treatable. For the patients to get the best level of treatment, they need to stop the act of smoking and take all the medications prescribed by the doctor. COPD is not a disease for the elderly, but can also attack the youths and teenagers. Following the medication steps granted by the physician ensures extra damages do not occur to the lungs beyond the damaged level.

References

Horne, R. (2006). Compliance, adherence, and concordance: Implications for asthma treatment. Chest Journal, 130(1), 65S-72S.

Jones, P. W., Anderson, J. A., Calverley, P. M., Celli, B. R., Ferguson, G. T., Jenkins, C., & Spencer, M. D. (2011). Health status in the TORCH study of COPD: Treatment efficacy and other determinants of change. Respiratory Research, 12(1), 71.

Jung, E., Pickard, A. S., Salmon, J. W., Bartle, B., & Lee, T. A. (2009). Medication adherence and persistence in the last year of life in COPD patients. Respiratory Medicine, 103(4), 525-534.

Stempel, D. A., Stoloff, S. W., Rosenzweig, J. C., Stanford, R. H., Ryskina, K. L., & Legorreta, A. P. (2015). Adherence to asthma controller medication regimens. Respiratory Medicine, 99(10), 1263-1267.